England: Facts & Stats

TRANSPORTATION

Roads:

The growth in private car ownership in the latter half of the 20th century led to major road-building programmes. Important trunk roads built include the A1 Great North Road from London to Newcastle and Edinburgh, and the A580 "East Lancs." road between Liverpool and Manchester. The M6 motorway is the country's longest motorway running from Rugby through North West England to the Scottish border. Other major roads include the M1 motorway from London to Leeds up the east of the country, the M25 motorway which encircles London, the M60 motorway which encircles Manchester, the M4 motorway from London to South Wales, the M62 motorway from Liverpool to Manchester and Yorkshire, and the M5 motorway from Birmingham to Bristol and the South West.

There are around 7,100 km (4,400 mi) of navigable waterways in England, of which roughly half is owned by British Waterways. An estimated 165 million journeys are made by people on Britain's waterways annually. The Thames is the major waterway in England, with imports and exports focused at the Port of Tilbury, one of the three major ports in the UK. Ports in the UK handled over 560 million tonnes of domestic and international freight in 2005.

Railroads:

Most of the British National Rail network of 16,116 kilometres (10,014 mi) lies in England. Urban rail networks are also well developed in London and other cities, including the Manchester Metrolink and the London Underground. The London Underground is the oldest and most extensive underground railway in the world, and as of 2007 consists of 407 km (253 mi) of line and serves 275 stations.

The British rail network is largely based on services originating from one of London's rail termini operating in all directions. Internal intercity services include:

• National Express East Coast
• London Kings Cross to the North East: Leeds, York, Newcastle upon Tyne (onwards to Scotland).
• Virgin Trains
• London Euston to the midlands: Birmingham, Wolverhampton, Coventry.
• London Euston to the northwest: Liverpool, Manchester, Lancaster, Carlisle (onwards to Scotland).
• First Great Western
• London Paddington to the southwest: Reading, Swindon, Bristol (onwards to South Wales), Exeter, Plymouth.
• South West Trains
• London Waterloo to the south.
• c2c
• London Fenchurch Street to Southend.
• Southern
• London Victoria to the south: Southampton, Brighton.
• Southeastern
• London St Pancras to the southeast: Ashford, Margate, Canterbury.
• Chiltern Railways
• London Marylebone to the midlands.
• Grand Central Railway
• London Kings Cross to York and Sunderland
• Wrexham & Shropshire
• London Marylebone to Telford and Shrewsbury, and onwards to Wrexham in Wales

Long distance travel that doesn't pass through London is generally referred to as cross country travel. Most services are operated by CrossCountry and often terminate in Wales or Scotland.

Regional train services are also operated by these, and other, train companies, and focus on the major cities, several of which have developed commuter and urban rail networks.

Trams and light rail

Tram systems were popular in England in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. However, with the rise of the motor bus and later the car they began to be widely dismantled in the 1950s. By 1962, only Blackpool tramway remained. However in recent years trams have seen a revival, as in other countries, as have light rail systems.

Examples of this second generation of tram systems and light rail include:

• Docklands Light Railway in East London.
• Manchester Metrolink in Greater Manchester.
• Sheffield Supertram in Sheffield.
• Midland Metro in the West Midlands.
• Tramlink in Croydon.
• NET in Nottingham.

Aviation:

London Heathrow Airport is England's largest airport, the largest airport by passenger volume in Europe and one of the world's busiest airports. London Gatwick Airport is England's second largest airport, followed by Manchester Airport. Other major airports include London Stansted Airport in Essex, about 50 kilometres (30 mi) north of London, Luton Airport and Birmingham International Airport.

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